Periphyton from Upstream and down stream of the Lake Lunz in Austria, Lunz

Fig 1.Ulothrix

fig 2. Meridion circulare1

Fig.3. Hydrurus foetitus1

Fig.4.Gomphonema

Fig.5. Diatoma vulgaris2.JPG

Limnological Studies Analysis samples studies in IPGL

this are papers that are colected over the 18 months stay in Netherlands, Delft UNESCO-IHE, Institute For Water Education and IPGL, Austria, Veina(fig.1.below)

Facts about Tigray- Ethiopia

fig. 1 tigray and south eastern zone
Ethiopia is endowed with vast water resources with 12 major rivers and 22 natural lakes (Tarekegn, 2004). Professional estimates indicated that the country has an annual surface runoff about 110 billon cubic meters from 12 major drainage basins (Woube, 1999), only 4% of which is used (FAO, 1990). Changes in land use and land cover are pervasive, increasingly rapid, and can have adverse impacts and implications at local and regional level of hydrological cycle (Tafere, 2006).

Ethiopia is a landlocked country in the East of Africa. With the involvement of 90% of the population, agriculture is the major source of employment, revenue and export earnings. The total area of Ethiopia is about 110 million ha of which 67% is arid or semi-arid. With about 90% living in rural areas, the population of Ethiopia has raised from 22 million in 1961 to about 69 million at present with an average annual growth rate of 3%.

Ethiopia is characterised by famine as a result of high population pressure, resource base degradation, and insufficient rainfall for rainfed production. With 22 major drought occurrences in the past 40 years alone, the country generally faces an annual cereal food deficit of 0.03 – 3.3 million tons. On the other hand, it is endowed with a huge annual water resource potential of about 110 billion m3, a potentially irrigable land of 3.6 million ha and productive manpower of about 48% of the total population. However, only about 3 billion m3 of the water resource and 190,000 ha of the potentially irrigable land is utilised so far. On the other hand researcher estimated that Ethiopia contributes about 75 billion m3 of the 84-billion m3 Nile River discharge that annually reaches the Aswan dam. The plan of the Government is to construct 1,000 earthen dams in two of the major river basins, Abay (Blue Nile) in Amhararegion and Tekeze in Tigray.

Tigray, located in the northern part of the country (Figure 1), is one of the most drought prone and food-insecure regions of Ethiopia. Rainfed agriculture is characterised by low productivity however, if, 50% of this runoff would be used for irrigation, half-a-million hectare of land can be irrigated, which would be sufficient to feed three times the present population of Tigray. In Tigray the estimated irrigation potential is about 325,000 ha out of which only about 15,000 ha is irrigated through traditional practices.

The Commission for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Rehabilitation in Tigray
(CoSAERT) was established in 1994 to construct 500 dams and to irrigate 50,000 ha within ten years. The principal objectives were to change the agrarian system to widespread small-scale irrigated agriculture and to gradually attain self-sufficiency in food production.

what was the out come of the planned project by CoSEART. funny have a look at the papers in the link

BSc. Paper by students

Thesis title
Action Research proposal On:Factors Affecting Participation of Female Students in Secondary School in Case of Grade Ten Students in three weredas of Southern Eastern Zone in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.
1.Back Ground Information
Education is basic for all development of human beings. It also helps man to get acquainted with knowledge, skills and values of different kinds. The education orientations provide us with wisdom and abilities at least to maintain and at most moves with pale of ever changing world, regarding this, (Etcher et.al 1942:245) stated, “Education is basic prerequisite for responsible citizenship, for maintenance of our way of life and successful entry in to today’s complicated working world. On this basis, the fact of the real world shows the above idea will become real for human life, if there is equal participation of males and females....... for Full paper click here
SATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Ethiopia, many researchers indicated that there is inequality in opportunities, achievement and participation between boys and girls. To be male or female has no effect on learning. However, due to school and cultural factors most female students are not active in their academic performance and could not observed being a head or equally participate as much as male students’ .This is duet most female students do not get a favorable condition to study.
They spend much time helping their parents. Some of them even do not go to school in case of parental and different social factors.. As a result of these they developed poor self concept towards their potential and education, beyond these they lost confidence and started to believe that they are inferior to males in academic sphere.
Generally, the major causes which create gender disparity in education are: parental, social, school factors and female students themselves. Besides the above, the following could also play their role on hindering female students’ participation and performance in the school. These are: environmental, economical and educational back ground of the girls.

Breaking news

Discontent in Tigray

Overt dissidence in Tigray during Haile Selassie's reign centered on the 1943 resistance to imperial rule known as the Weyane. The movement took advantage of popular discontent against Amhara rule but was primarily a localized resistance to imperial rule that depended on three main sources of support. These were the semipastoralists of eastern Tigray, including the Azebo and Raya, who believed their traditional Oromo social structure to be threatened; the local Tigray nobility, who perceived their position to be endangered by the central government's growth; and the peasantry, who felt victimized by government officials and their militias.

The course of the Weyane was relatively brief, lasting from May 22 to October 14, 1943. Although the rebels made some initial gains, the imperial forces, supported by British aircraft, soon took the offensive. Poor military leadership, combined with disagreements among the rebel leaders, detracted from the effectiveness of their efforts. After the fall of Mekele, capital of Tigray, on October 14, 1943, practically all organized resistance collapsed. The government exiled or imprisoned the leaders of the revolt. The emperor took reprisals against peasants suspected of supporting the Weyane.

Although a military resolution of the Weyane restored imperial authority to Tigray, the harsh measures used by the Ethiopian military to do so created resentment of imperial rule in many quarters. This resentment, coupled with a longstanding feeling that Shewan Amhara rule was of an upstart nature, lasted through the end of Haile Selassie's reign. After Haile Selassie's demise in 1974, separatist feelings again emerged throughout Tigray.

Ethiopian Map with regional flags

Map of Africa and countries in the contienet with UNESCO- world heritage lists:Ethiopia

Hi every one it is me